THE ROLE OF POLYSACCHARIDE AEROGEL IN TISSUE REGENERATION AND REPAIR

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew1,3 *image, Ezegbe Amarachi Grace2image, Anikwe Chidera Celestine4image,  

Odo Kenechi Benjamin1image, Onyia Oluebube Chisom1image, Agu-kalu Amarachi1image, Ugorji Anita Chidera1image, Uchenna Chiamaka Precious1image

1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

2Department of Home Science and Management, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

3Nanoscience and Advanced Materials, Graduate Program (PPG-Nano), Federal University of ABC, Avenida dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

4Department of Clinical Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, England, United Kingdom.

 

Abstract

Aerogel-based biomaterials is an important subject in materials sciences due to their vast attention in different sectors. These materials possess unique properties that distinguish them such as low density. In the area of tissue engineering, there application has been documented in areas such as blood vessel, soft tissue, nerves, bone and cartilage.There are several steps involved in aerogel preparation. The first step involves the appropriate selection of a precursor material such as polymers, silica or carbon. Aerogels have a unique property which includes the composition of mesoporous solid colloids that possess a light weight and a porous frame work structure. Aerogels also possess unique extraordinary physicochemical properties.Tissue engineering is a broad term that encompasses on using biocompatible materials to repair and replace damaged tissues. Notwithstanding, its diverse applications over the years, tissue engineering have had persistent hurdles which include the need to develop new novel biomaterials This article seeks to review the properties of aerogel and their preparation processes. The review also documented the challenges from current studies and future prospects were also discussed.

Keywords: Aerogel, biomaterials, biomedicine, material science, porosity.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The significant attention aerogels have gained over the years especially in the field of biomaterials cannot be over emphasized1,2. They have a unique property which includes the composition of mesoporous solid colloids, which possess a lightweight and a porous frame work structure3. A definition given by Feng et al., defined an aerogel as a solid component that has a unique dispersion4. Aerogels are remarkable materials that possess extraordinary physicochemical properties5. Aerogel preparation involves several steps. They have diverse applications and ability to exist in different forms such as cylinders, spheres and monolithic shapes6,7. In the field of biomedicals, their application is widespread to other areas not limited to tissue engineering8,9.

Tissue engineering is a broad term that encompasses on using biocompatible materials to repair and replace damaged tissues. Notwithstanding, its diverse applications over the years, tissue engineering have had persistent hurdles over the years which include the need to develop new novel biomaterials10-14. With these challenges in view, the promising avenue of aerogel-based biomaterials cannot be over-emphasized15. Some of the several reasons associated with the use of these materials include: its biocompatibility, biodegradability and mechanical strength16. Scientists have been able to incorporate the aerogel-based scaffolds in three-dimensional (3D) printing, thus enhancing its flexibility.

Aerogel-based biomaterials and their unique properties

Distinctive properties associated with aerogels include high porosity, low weight and surface area17-20. They help to increase their widespread applications in various fields. These exceptional qualities of the biomaterials to be easily handled and implemented in the human body is related to their low density and weight21. Some of the techniques used in the determination of aerogels include: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small-angle scattering (SAXS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)22-26. 

Aerogel-based biomaterials and their preparation techniques

Several key steps are involved in aerogel preparation. The first step involves the appropriate selection of a material such as polymers, silica or carbon27,28. These precursor materials have their own unique properties. The sol-gel process is the first fundamental method employed in aerogel synthesis29,30. To enhance the strength of aerogels, there is to deploy various cross-linking strategies31,32. The production of nanofiber-derived aerogels (PNAs) by Qian et al.33, was based on the high porosity and surface area. The effect of aging on the aerogel’s microstructure has been documented.

According to Kawakami et al., he deployed the use of water vapor in optimizing the aging process34. The most prevalent methods among the afore-mentioned techniques are freeze-drying and scCO2 drying35-40. Table 1 summarizes the drying methods on aerogel characteristics, while Table 2 depicts the various strategies for aerogel preparation. Two unique characteristics mark out the supercritical drying technique. They include avoidance of structural collapse and mesopore shrinkage40-42.

Classification of aerogel-based biomaterials

They are classified based on two distinct properties which include: constituent materials and chemical properties9. Nanomaterials is one of the materials used in biomedical application50-54. 

Organic aerogels-based biomaterials

Unique characteristics associated with organic aerogels include: light weight, flexibility and biocompatibility 55-58. Carbon based aerogels are constructed with the help of carbon-based nanomaterials. The materials exist in form ofnano diamonds (NDs)59-62. Another component of the aerogel production are the organic polymer materials63-65. Cellulose has a well-known cellulose-based hydrogel derived from it66. 

Inorganic aerogel-based biomaterials

The foundation of these biomaterials consists of inorganic materials like metal oxides63-65. The first synthesis of silicon aerogels was in the 19th century58. They are also used in industrial setting and in water purification65. 

Hybridized aerogel-based biomaterials

Distinct properties of aerogels are influenced by the selection between organic and inorganic types. They possess notable characteristics such as biodegradability, biocompatibility and light weight69,70. A significant milestone was achieved by Novak et al., when he prepared the first silica (SiO2) hybridized aerogel for specific applications71. There are various techniques deployed in the characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid aerogels71,72. There are two main classes of organic-inorganic hybridized aerogels73,74. The choice of type I or type II hybridized aerogels depends on its application75.

Aerogel-based strategies for tissue regeneration

Properties such as biocompatibility, hydrophilicity and non-cytotoxicity are exhibited by aerogels.

 

CONCLUSION 

 

The new characteristics of aerogels make them stand out as a unique material. There is need to pay critical attention on the synthesis protocols and porosity regulation of aerogels. Inherent properties of aerogels can be further explored by researchers in areas of aerogel-based biomaterials.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

Authors wish to acknowledge the librarian and other technical staffs at Federal University of ABC (UFABC) for providing us with the necessary materials and tools.

 

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION

 

Ezegbe CA: writing, review, supervision, Ezegbe AG: writing, review, Odo KB: writing, review, Onyia OC: Review, writing, Agu-kalu A: writing, review. Anikwe CC: literature survey. Ugorji AC: critical review. Uchenna CP: literature survey. Final manuscript was checked and approved by all authors.

 

DATA AVAILABILITY

 

Upon request, the accompanying author can furnish the empirical data used to bolster the findings of the study.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

None to declare.

 

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