PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOLIC STEM EXTRACT OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE P.BEAUV (SILKCOTTON TREE)
Udeh VC1, Agboeze Emmanuel*1, Omeje EO2
1Department of Industrial Chemistry, Enugu state University of Science and Technology, Nigeria.
2Department Of Pharmacy, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria.
Background: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense (stem) for antimicrobial and phytochemical screening.
Methods: The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense with documented ethno-medicinal applications were fractionated in different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) and subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease-causingmicroorganisms including gram positive and gram negative (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli). The antimicrobial tests were carried out in triplicates, the data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA using statistical package for social science (SPSS).
Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, saponin glycosides, Tannins, hydrolysable Tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and volatile oils. Each fractions of the extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested. MIC values of each fractions revealed strong inhibition against all the organisms tested. The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense in chloroform, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol showed the following MIC values. S. aureus. 6.25, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 12.5. E. coli 100, 100, 50, 6.25 and 12.5. Salmonella spp. 3.125, 12.5, 25, 3.125 and 12.5 respectively.
Conclusion: This study shows that the extract posses’ antimicrobial properties which can be used as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity, Bombax buonopozense, Diosquinone, Escherichia coli, Inhibition, Phytochemical constituents, Staphylococcus aureus, MIC.
INTRODUCTION
Natural products, such as plant extracts either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provides unlimited opportunities for new drug discoveries because of the unmatched availability of its chemical diversity. The use of plant extracts in the treatment of diseases has become an important interest over the years. This is as a result of the fact that microorganisms are developing resistance to many drugs and as such created situation where some of the common and less expensive antimicrobial agents are losing effective-ness1,2. In view of this, there is an urgent need to find the alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs in disease treatment particularly those of plants origin which are easily available and have considerably less side effects3,4.
In the past, humans used plant to treat common infectious disease and even long before mankind discovered the existence of microbes, the idea that certain plants had healing potential was well accepted5. Researchers are increasingly becoming involved in the screening of such plants with the aim of establishing their potential antimicrobial effects and identifying the compounds responsible for their antimicrobial properties6. Specifically, the medicinal value of this plant lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human or animal body7. The most important of these bioactive constituents which are mainly: secondary metabolites are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds8,9. These phytochemicals are toxic to microbial cells. Medicinal plants generally contain a number of compounds which may be potential natural antibacterial for the treatment of common bacterial infections. Plant derived medicines are relatively safer than synthetic alternatives, offering profound therapeutic benefits and more affordable treatments10.
B. buonopozense (Bambacaceae) is commonly known with local names (Hausa: gurjiya, Igbo: Akpu, Nupe: Kutukpachi; Yoruba: Ogbolo). It is a large tropical tree that grows up to 40 meters in height with large buttress roots that can spread 6 meters down11. The individual leaf has entire margin and quite large, measuring from 8 to 23cm in length by 3 to 7.5cm in width with the under sides of the leaf being conical buds which contain many seeds that are 5 to 6mm in length, all of which have a cotton-like fiber covering12. It is a wild plant whose edible floral parts are used as vegetable by the inhabitants of North Central, Nigeria and as medicine due to its nutritive and therapeutic properties11. The plant is widely distributed in West African countries such as Ghana, Gambia, Cote D’ivoire, Nigeria and others. Hot decoction of the dried stem bark of the plant is taken orally for the treatment of malaria in Ghana. The bark is used to treat chest pain in Gambia. Decoction of the leaves is used to manage stomach ulcers and burns in Ghana. Aqueous extract of the leaves is claimed to be effective in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. The immature fruits are prepared as an emollient for skin, decoction of the young leaves is used as a warm bath for febrile children (Irvine F. R, 1961). The grounded bark is taken by pregnant women to increase lactation; the extract from the bark is drunk on the head for dizziness. The gum resin from the bark is pulverized, mixed with oil and used to manage skin disease7.
This study was designed to evaluate fractionated methanolic extract of B. buonopozense (stem) for antimicrobial and phytochemical screening against multi-drug pathogenic organisms to ascertain its potentiality in treating infections caused by micro-organisms.
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Collection of samples
The fresh stem of B. buonopozense were collected and identified by a taxonomist Mr. Ozioko of INTERCEED Nsukka.The stem of B. buonopozensewas washed and air dried for two weeks.The dried stem was ground to powder and stored in an air tight polyethylene bag ready for extraction.
Preparation of plant extracts/extraction
The method in our previous work was used with little modification 3. Extraction was done by cold maceration with 95% methanol with continuous stirring and agitation, extracts were removed intermittently and fresh solvent added to ensure for neat extraction, this was done for 72hrs. After 72hrs the extract was pooled together and filtered using Whatman 2 filter paper. The extract was evaporated to dryness in vacuum using rotary evaporator at 400C±0.1. The extract was subsequently weighed and stored in glass sample bottles at 40C.
Test organisms for microbial analysis
Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Salmonella spp (Gram positive), and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) obtained from the microbiology department, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUT) Enugu were used for this study. The organisms were sub cultured in nutrient broth at 370C for 6h prior to antimicrobial testing.
Solvent partitioning/fractionation
The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense were partitioned using solvent extraction method.Five solvents were used in solvent partitioning (water, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol).The extract was uniformly dispersed in 100ml of water and stirred with a magnetic stirrer to achieve uniform mixture or homogeneity, it was then poured into a separating funnel, then aliquots of n-hexane was added, the separating funnel was agitated before being allowed to settle. Heavier lower layer (aqueous) was carefully tapped off and then the upper layer (n-hexane) was tapped off subsequently, this was done continuously until the n-hexane aliquots were reasonably clear, it was tapped off and stored. The same procedure was repeated for other immiscible solvents (chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol), leaving behind in the separating funnel, the water portion of the extract, which was also collected and stored in reagent bottle at 40C10.
Phytochemical screening
The extract was subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening according to standard methods using the n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water fractions of the extract. This was done to determine the presence of saponins, Alkaloids, Saponin Glycosides, Tannins, Hydrolysable tannin, steroids and Triterpenoids, flavonoids, Anthraquinone, Phenols, glycosides and volatile oils11.
The tests are as follows:
Test for saponins
Test for saponin glycosides
2.5cm3 of mixture of Fehling’s solution A and B was added to 2.5cm3 of each fraction of extracts in a test tube and observed for bluish green precipitate and observation recorded.
Test for steroids and triterpenoids (Libermann Burchard test)
Total 2cm3 of acetic anhydride was added to 2cm3 of each fraction of extract in a test tube and cooled well in ice. 3cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid was carefully added and a change from violet to blue to green colour was observed and recorded13.
Test for glycosides (general)
Test for hydrolysable tannins
4cm3 of 10% ammonia solution was added to 4cm3 of each fraction of extracts in a test tube and shaken very well and observed for the formation of an emulsion and the result recorded.
Test for flavonoids
Test for alkaloids
Volatile oil test
Six drops of ferric chloride solution were added to a mixture of 2cm3 of each fraction of extracts in a test tube and 2cm3 of 90% (v/v) ethanol. The resulting mixture was observed for green coloration and the result recorded9.
Test for phenols
To 3ml of each fraction of extracts, 3ml of 5% w/v ferric chloride solution was added. The blue-black colour indicates the presence of phenol
Test for anthraquinones
5ml of each faction of extracts was hydrolyzed with dil. Sulphuric acid (H2So4) and extracted with benzene. 1 ml of dilute ammonia was added to it. Rose pink colouration indicated the positive response for anthraquinones10.
Antimicrobial screening
The agar diffusion technique as described by13was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract. To test antibacterial activity of the stem extract of B. buonopozense 0.8g of extract was dissolved in DMSO and then varying concentration of the extract (100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml, 12.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 3.125mg/ml and 1.562mg/ml) were obtained. Standard inoculums of 1.5x108 cells which matched, 0.5 McFarland standard was spread on the surface of a sterile Muller Hinton agar plates in duplicates. A sterile6mm cork borer was used to make a hole on the Muller Hinton agar plates in which 0.1 ml each of the plant extracts were added. The plates were incubated at 370c for 24hrs. The antimicrobial activity was detected by measuring zones of inhibition in millimeters9.
Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
This was determined using broth dilution method as described by13. The minimum inhibitory concentration was defined as the lowest concentration of the compound to inhibit the growth of microorganism. Varying concentrations of the extracts (100mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 25mg/ml, 12.5mg/ml, 6.25mg/ml, 3.125mg/ ml and 1.562mg/ml) were prepared. 0.1ml of standar-dized test organisms was inoculated into the tubes containing the different concentrations of the extract and controls were equally set up by using solvents and test organisms without extract. These were incubated for 24hrs at 370c. The tube with least concentration of extract without growth after incubation was taken and recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration9.
Statistical analysis
The tests were carried out in triplicates, the data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA using statistical package for social science (SPSS), version 23. Means were separated using Least Significant Difference (L.S.D), considered statistically significant at P<0.05.
RESULTS
Phytochemical screening result
Phytochemical analysis of the fractionated methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense were conducted using the fractions of each of the solvent. The table below shows the positive and negative reactions of the extract fraction to the following secondary metabolites: Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins, Saponin glycosides, hydrolysable tannins, phenols, anthrax-quinones, steroids/triterpenoids, volatile oils and glycosides. The result of phytochemical analysis of the stem extract is shown in Table 1.
Determination of antimicrobial activities of the extract
The result of the antimicrobial activity of the fractions of methanolic extract of B. buonopozense against the test organisms, namely, S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella spp are showed in tables 2 to 6 while table 7 shows the result of minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract on the test organisms. The extract showed varying degrees of growth inhibition against the isolates.
DISCUSSION
The results of this study have x-rayed valuable evidence in support of B. buonopozense as potent antibacterial agent. The data presented in this study narrowed down the phytochemicals into specific fractions of the extract. Result of the phytochemical screening of B. buonopozense stem extract showed the presence of these phytochemicals in each of the fractions of the extract.
The result of this study showed that the fractionated methanolic stem extracts of B. buonopozense demonstrated reasonable inhibition on the gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and Salmonella spp) and the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions exhibited reasonable sensitivity on the gram negative bacteria (E. coli) while the chloroform and n-butanol fractions has only little sensitivity. It is believed that the antibacterial activity of this plant is due to the presence of the phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, tannins, essential oils, saponins steroids, which are actually the defensive mechanism of the plants against pathogens. The MIC values of the extract was found to have various range, thus indicating that evaluation of MIC is sufficient for measuring bacterial activity12. The test organisms used in this study are associated with various forms of human infections. E. coli are the most numerous aerobic commensal inhabitants of the large intestine. Certain strains cause diarrhea and all can cause infection when they invade sterile sites13, like the urinary tract and wound infections in the elderly and young male often following catheterization or cystoscopy, and it is a secondary invader of ulcers and pressure sores14. Salmonella spp typically cause diarrhea and sometimes cause a more serious infection, typhoid fever.
S. aureus constitute a major public health threat, being one of the common causes of hospital and community acquired infections15-17. The demonstration of activity against both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria is an indication that the plants can be a source of bioactive substances that could of broad spectrum of activities. Some synthetic drugs cause varying degrees of side effects, hence the need for the development of plant-based compounds which could be useful in meeting the demand for newer drugs with minimal side effects13. Apart from anti-microbial activities, B. buonopozense extract are also exploited for therapeutic purpose to cure several disorders.
Limitations of the study
This study is limited to Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense P. Beauv (Silk Cotton Tree).
CONCLUSION
The methanolic leaf extract of B. buonopozense was found to possess antidiarrheal, antinoceptic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic anti malaria activities which however, justifies the scientific use of these plants in traditional medicine in the treatment of infections caused by the test organisms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to appreciate staff members of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka and Enugu State University of Science and Technology teaching hospital, Enugu State, Nigeria, for their help during the study, interpretations andsample collection.
AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION
Udeh Valantine Chinonyerem performed analysis and prepared the manuscript. Emmanuel Agboeze performed analysis and prepared the manuscript Prof. Edwin Ogechukwu Omeje supervised the analysis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors affirm that there are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES