_1763201772 20251115101612000 Editor editor.jddt@gmail.com Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Univ J Pharm Res 2456-8058 2831-5235 11 15 2025 Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu Oxygen deprivation, or hypoxia, is a key characteristic of the tumor microenvironment in various solid tumors, such as breast cancer. As tumors exceed their blood supply, regions with low oxygen develop, generating selective pressure that fuels cancer advancement and resistance to treatment. Breast cancer cells demonstrate significant flexibility, allowing them to adjust to and endure under these difficult circumstances. Grasping the cellular and molecular reactions to hypoxia is essential for creating more efficient treatment approaches. A key adaptation to hypoxic stress includes metabolic reconfiguration. Breast cancer cells lower their dependence on oxygen driven mitochondrial respiration while boosting glycolytic activity, even when oxygen is available this is referred to as the Warburg effect. This metabolic change facilitates ATP generation and biosynthesis in oxygen-limited environments. Simultaneously, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) trigger various genes related to angiogenesis, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), encouraging the development of new yet frequently ineffective blood vessels that continue to sustain hypoxic environments.                   Peer Review History: Received 1 August 2025;   Reviewed 11 September 2025; Accepted 15 October; Available online 15 November 2025 Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com Reviewers: Dr.  Hasniza Zaman Huri, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, hasnizazh@ummc.edu.my Dr. Hatem Sameir Abbas, Al-Azhar University, Egypt, hsam8406@yahoo.com 11 15 2025 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 10.22270/ujpr.v10i5.1427 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1427 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1427/1993 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1427/1993 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1427/2006 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1427/2022