_1778830220 20260515073020000 Editor editor.jddt@gmail.com Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research Univ J Pharm Res 2456-8058 2831-5235 05 15 2026 Lutf Mohammed Al-Rahbi Abdullah Salem Ali Bafalia Ebrahim Al-Taifi Mohialdin Al-Wahabi Ahmed Abdulah Al-Ashwal Mohammed Yahya Mohammed Jahaf Background and Objective: Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) represents a severe and debilitating pathological condition characterized by the fusion of the mandibular condyle to the glenoid fossa, leading to profound functional impairment and significant psychological distress in affected individuals. This comprehensive retrospective cohort study aims to meticulously evaluate the contemporary prevalence, diverse etiological factors, nuanced clinical presentations, and evolving therapeutic outcomes of TMJA within a distinct cohort of Yemeni patients, thereby addressing a critical void in the regional epidemiological and clinical literature.Methods: A rigorous retrospective cross-sectional analysis was systematically conducted across three prominent healthcare facilities in Sana’a, Yemen (Al-Thawra, Al-Gumhouri, and Al-Kuwait hospitals). The study encompassed the period from January 2023 to September 2025. Following an initial screening of 746 patient medical records, a refined cohort of 54 confirmed TMJA cases was meticulously selected for inclusion. Statistical analyses were rigorously performed using SPSS version 25 and Excel 2010.Results: The empirical data revealed that 50.0% (n=27) of TMJA cases were concentrated within the 10–15 years age bracket, with an overall mean age of 14.85 ± 9.75 years. A pronounced male predominance was consistently observed (70.4%, n=38), yielding a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2.4:1. Traumatic injury emerged as the overwhelmingly dominant etiological factor, accounting for 81.5% (n=44) of the cohort. Bilateral involvement (55.6%, n=30) was marginally more prevalent than unilateral cases (44.4%, n=24).Conclusion: This seminal investigation establishes a robust epidemiological baseline for TMJA in Yemen, unequivocally identifying it as a formidable clinical challenge predominantly impacting young males, with traumatic injuries serving as the principal etiological determinant. The findings emphatically underscore the imperative for implementing standardized diagnostic frameworks and evidence-based surgical protocols.                 Peer Review History: Received 13 February 2026;   Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted  17 April; Available online 15 May 2026 Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com Reviewers: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, tamer_hassan@pharm.suez.edu.eg Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, vanina_edoo@yahoo.com 05 15 2026 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 10.22270/ujpr.v11i2.1537 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1537 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1537/2134 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1537/2134 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1537/2135 https://ujpronline.com/index.php/journal/article/download/1537/2156