Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

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2026-05-08T09:40:33+00:00

NANOCARRIER SYSTEMS FOR TARGETED CANCER THERAPY: RECENT ADVANCES AND TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVES

2026-05-08T19:11:38+00:00

Cancer is one of the major concerns in the world today, and it accounts for almost 20 million new cases and 10 million deaths annually, leading to significant disability-adjusted life years lost. The total incidence of lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, and stomach cancer accounts for almost half of the total cancer incidence cases worldwide. The burden of cancer is more in low- and middle-income countries, where the mortality and incidence rate is low due to delayed diagnosis and lack of access to efficient treatments. The burden of cancer is expected to rise in the future due to the increasing population and the aging population in the world, and cancer incidence rates are expected to rise in the year 2040 in resource-constrained countries. The burden of cancer is related to cancer types and their association with certain preventable factors and infecting agents; however, the incidence rate of cancer types is escalating, and hence, precise and efficient cancer therapies are the need of the hour. The limitation in traditional cancer therapies, such as chemotherapy, is systemic toxicity, lack of specificity of drugs, and low drug bioavailability, and hence, cancer therapies using nanotechnology show immense promise, especially drug delivery systems such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and inorganic nanoparticles. The review aims to critically discuss the construction of nanocarriers, cancer cell targeting, and cancer therapy, and the challenges in cancer nanotherapy.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 February 2026; Reviewed 11 March 2026; Accepted 17 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Essam Mohamed Eissa, Beni-Suef University, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Mrinal Kanti Bhoumik, Jubilant Cadista Pharmaceutical Inc., [email protected]

Dr. Nada Farrag, Misr International University, Egypt, [email protected]

A REVIEW ON INTEGRATING SMART INHALERS FOR ASTHMA MANAGEMENT: A STEP TOWARD DIGITAL RESPIRATORY HEALTHCARE

2026-05-08T18:54:07+00:00

Asthma remains one of the chronic respiratory disease that affects millions of individuals globally, over time, conventional inhalers have remained greatly useful in asthma control Nevertheless, there still exists a great deal of challenges in control of asthma including; lack of compliance, inappropriate inhalation methods, and lack of monitoring. Therefore, smart inhalers have introduced the union of digital technology and traditional inhaler devices, creating a viable solution and a future-proof solution through offering real-time feedback, dose tracking, and predictive analytics to aid patient adherence and optimize treatment results. The current review critically examines the current literature relating to the use of smart inhalers in the management of asthma, and their clinical benefits, drawbacks, and future perspectives. The objective is to combine critical findings and data regarding their efficacy in improving medication adherence, asthma control, treatment plans individualized and patient outcomes via AI driven insights and smartphone connectivity. However, despite its merits it also has limitations such as cost, user acceptability differing patient acceptability, cost-effectiveness and data privacy concerns. Future technologies, such as AI-powered inhalers and telemedicine platforms are set to revolutionize the digital respiratory healthcare systems. Lastly this review highlights the emerging role of pharmacists in using smart inhaler data to enable targeted interventions and drug management, with attention to long-term clinical effect and integration into digital respiratory healthcare systems with the promise of improving patient outcomes in asthma care.

Peer Review History:

Received 2 February 2026; Reviewed 13 March 2026; Accepted 11 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Mrinal Kanti Bhoumik, Jubilant Cadista Pharmaceutical Inc., [email protected]

Dr. Md. Shahidul Islam, USTC, Chittagong, Bangladesh, [email protected]

COMMUNITY BASED HIV PREVENTION FOR CHILDREN IN RESOURCE-LIMITED SETTINGS: CLINICALLY RELEVANT STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING PEDIATRIC OUTCOMES

2026-05-08T19:05:11+00:00

HIV continues to impose a disproportionate burden on children in resource-limited settings, where socioeconomic constraints, fragile health systems, and limited access to prevention services impede progress toward global elimination goals. Community-based HIV prevention models have emerged as critical approaches to address structural and behavioral vulnerabilities, reduce pediatric HIV incidence, and strengthen linkages to care. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on community-led, family-centered, and health system–supported interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing HIV acquisition among children. Key approaches include early maternal HIV diagnosis, prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), community health worker (CHW) programs, school- and faith-based initiatives, social protection strategies, and innovations in community testing and digital health. Although notable progress has been made, gaps persist in coverage, sustainability, multi sector collaboration, and adaptation to humanitarian settings. Strengthening community ownership, leveraging local capacity, and integrating child-focused HIV prevention with broader social welfare programs are essential to achieving equitable outcomes.

Peer Review History:

Received 4 February 2026; Reviewed 17 March 2026; Accepted 11 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Mohammad Tauseef, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chicago State University, [email protected]

Dr. Mahmoud S. Abdallah, University of Sadat city, Egypt, [email protected]

BREAST CANCER AND FERTILITY: WHO FRAMEWORK FOR REPRODUCTIVE COUNSELING IN YOUNG AFRICAN PATIENTS

2026-05-08T18:49:30+00:00

Breast cancer is becoming more acknowledged as a major health issue for young women in Africa, where it is frequently identified at more advanced stages and at a younger age than the worldwide averages. The convergence of breast cancer and fertility creates distinct clinical and psychosocial difficulties, as numerous patients are in their childbearing years and confront the dual pressure of a life-threatening illness and the possible loss of fertility from treatment. Thus, tackling fertility preservation is an essential aspect of holistic cancer treatment for young African women. The World Health Organization (WHO) created a framework to incorporate reproductive counseling into cancer treatment, highlighting early assessment of fertility risks, education for patients, culturally appropriate counseling, and availability of fertility preservation services. Nonetheless, the execution in African contexts is still restricted because of resource limitations, absence of specialized services, socio-cultural obstacles, and inadequate awareness among providers. These difficulties emphasize the necessity for customized approaches that take into account the local health system and cultural environment.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 February 2026; Reviewed 12 March 2026; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Sally A. El-Zahaby, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]

Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]

THE MAGNITUDE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRAL INFECTIONS AMONG INDIVIDUALS SCREENED AT MNAZI-MMOJA HOSPITAL, ZANZIBAR

2026-05-08T09:52:18+00:00

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa and other parts of the world. HBV is a small, double-stranded circular DNA virus that may cause chronic severe liver diseases. The mode of transmission of HBV includes exposure to body fluids of an infected person by perinatal transmission, sexual intercourse, and needle sticks. The diagnosis of HBV infection is based on clinical, biochemical, histological, and serological studies. A vaccine is also available for the prevention of HBV.

Methodology: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of HBV infection and associated risk factors among individuals screened at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Zanzibar between 2021 and 2023.A Retrospective analysis of secondary data from hospital records. Demographic data such as age, sex, residence, and occupation, along with behavioural, healthcare-related, and awareness-related factors, were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.

Result: A total of 24,431 individuals were screened for HBV at Mnazi-Mmoja Hospital with an overall prevalence of 7.6% for the three consecutive years. The highest prevalence was found in 2022, which was 8.3%, followed by 7.6% and 6.9% in 2021 and 2023, respectively. This study reveals a moderate prevalence rate of HBV infection within the population, and it further reveals that lack of awareness, socioeconomic, behavioral and health-related factors are the highest drivers for HBV infection transmission in the study population. This study sheds light and alarm to the government and other authorities so that appropriate intervention can be taken based on the current situation.

Peer Review History:

Received 22 February 2026; Reviewed 8 March 2026; Accepted 11 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]

Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE RATES OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS IN SANA’A, YEMEN

2026-05-08T10:09:06+00:00

Background and aims: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, particularly among diabetic patients. These infections are often complicated by antibiotic resistance and the patients' susceptibility to infection, making empirical treatment difficult. This study was conducted to identify the pattern of antibiotic resistance in UTI pathogens among diabetic patients in the medical ward of Kuwait Hospital in Sana'a, Yemen, with the aim of improving the empirical treatment of UTIs with antibiotics.

Materials and Methods: Total 454 DM patients were sent to the medical ward of the Al-Kwait University Hospital clinics in Sana'a, Yemen, for this cross-sectional study. In order to perform a urine culture, a clean, sterile urine sample (midstream pee) was collected, cultured, and the pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified.

Results: The mean patient age was 48.2 years, with 73.1% being ≥ 40 years old. Escherichia coli caused 41 (42%) of UTIs, Klebsiella pneumoniae 33 (34%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 9 (9.3%), and Enterococcus faecalis 6 (6.2%).Resistance rates in E. coli are high, reaching 95% for amoxicillin and 70.7% for ampicillin, with varying levels of resistance for other antibiotics, ranging from 36.6% to 92.7% for agents like ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin. Low resistance rates were noted for amikacin (4.9%) and other select antibiotics. Klebsiella pneumoniae displayed 100% resistance to amoxicillin and ampicillin, with lower resistance rates for amikacin (0%) and levofloxacin (18.2%).

Conclusions: The increasing resistance of antibiotics highlights the need for up-to-date local data to guide empirical treatment for urinary tract infections (UTIs). Amikacin, cefotaxime, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin , clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and tobramycinhave demonstrated low resistance rates and could be an effective first-line treatment for UTIs at Al-Kuwait Hospital.

Peer Review History:

Received 4 February 2026; Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted 17 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]

Dr. Gülay B Anadolu, Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, [email protected]

SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF SELEXIPAG BY β-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEXES

2026-05-08T10:33:21+00:00

Background: Selexipag is an oral, non-prostanoid IP receptor agonist used in treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Selexipag has poor aqueous solubility, especially in acidic solution medium. Hence, for the purposes of overcoming solubility limitations associated with selexipag, various techniques such as complexation with appropriate complexing agents have been considered. Cyclodextrins are unique molecules that are cyclic carbohydrates that have been shown to be suitable for the purpose of inclusion complex formation. This is because they form inclusion complexes when combined with insoluble drugs.

Method: The inclusion complex between Selexipag and β-cyclodextrin was prepared using kneading method.

Result: The ability of β-cyclodextrin to increase the solubility of Selexipag has been shown from the results indicating that β-cyclodextrin improves significantly both the solubility and dissolution of selexipag which is a poorly soluble drug. The formation of the inclusion complex was further confirmed using UV-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In addition, dissolution studies indicated improved dissolution behavior of the complexed drug.

Conclusion: From the results obtained above, β-cyclodextrin appears to be very efficient carrier agent for poorly soluble drugs such as Selexipag which belong to BCS class II.

Peer Review History:

Received 22 February 2026; Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted 17 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Mrinal Kanti Bhoumik, Jubilant Cadista Pharmaceutical Inc., [email protected]

Dr. Ahmed Tagelsir Mohamed Ali, National University, Sudan, [email protected]

BLOOD INDICATORS AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD COUNTS FOR MALARIA PATIENTS IN AL-HODEIDAH CITY, YEMEN

2026-05-08T11:12:37+00:00

Background aims: Malaria patients are particularly susceptible to anaemia, a prevalent health issue in developing nations. Human performance, growth, and development are negatively impacted by this condition, which can become more complex if comorbidity occurs in a holoendemic stratum with strong and persistent malaria parasite transmission, like the west coast region of Yemen. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the prevalence and severity of anaemia in malaria patients residing in a permanent malaria transmission area in Yemen's west coastal region. Changes in blood indicators and peripheral blood cell counts were also examined.

Subjects and Methods: This study included 250 newly diagnosed malaria patients from malaria control centres in Al-Hodeidah Governorate. The sixth version of the EpiInfo statistical software was used to collect and analyse blood parameters. The study's objectives and benefits were explained to the participants, and participation was entirely voluntary. The institution's ethics committee approved the study.

Results: The male patients accounted for 71.6% and the female patients were 28.4%, with the mean age of 28.8 years with an SD equal to 13.5 years, and ages ranged from 2 years to 58 years. Most of our patients were in the age group of 16-25 years (38%). The mean haemoglobin level in malaria patients was 11.5 mg/dl, and 14.4% of the patients were suffering from severe anaemia. Below-normal PCV in the patients was present in 23.6%; the mean RBC count was 4.5x1012/L, and a very low rate (3x1012/L) occurred in 7.2% of the patients. Leucopenia (< 4.5x10⁹/L) occurred in 28.4% of the patients, and neutropenia occurred in 14.4% of the patients.

Conclusions: Malaria, anaemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were clearly evident in this study and pose serious public health challenges among the coastal population of Yemen. This emphasises the necessity of uniform policies, initiatives, and actions to stop anaemia and malaria in this area.

Peer Review History:

Received 12 February 2026; Reviewed 8 March 2026; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, Karachi, Pakistan, [email protected]

Dr. Showkat Ahmad Bhawani, UNIMAS Sarawak, Malaysia, [email protected]

GATA1 PROTEIN AND IRON PROFILE OF HIV-INFECTED SUBJECTS IN UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL, CALABAR, NIGERIA

2026-05-08T16:24:41+00:00

Background and aims: HIV infection is associated with alterations in iron metabolism and transcription factors such as GATA1. This study evaluated GATA1 protein, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) of HIV-infected subjects in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.

Subjects and methods: A total of 90 participants were recruited, comprising 45 HIV-infected subjects on HAART and 45 apparently healthy HIV negative Individuals as controls. Four milliliters of venous blood were collected from each participant and dispensed into plain tubes for serum separation. Serum samples were analyzed for GATA 1 Protein, Iron parameters (Serum Iron (SI), Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), Unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC), and Transferrin saturation (TSAT) were using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and colorimetric methods. Statistical analyses, including Student’s t-test, Analysis of Variance and Pearson’s correlation were performed using SPSS version 22 with significance set at p<0.05.

Results: Serum iron levels were markedly elevated in HIV subjects (183.11±46.59 µg/dl) compared with controls (106.33±25.41 µg/dl; p<0.001). Conversely, UIBC (231.11±32.63 µg/dl vs. 327.53±36.76 µg/dl; p<0.001) and TIBC (414.13±19.14 µg/dl vs. 433.09±24.01 µg/dl; p<0.001) were significantly reduced in HIV subjects. TSAT was substantially higher in HIV-infected participants (43.88± 9.38%) compared to controls (24.64±6.29%; p<0.001). GATA1 protein levels showed no significant difference between groups (0.78±1.57 ng/ml vs. 0.69±2.21 ng/ml; p=0.243).

Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals on HAART demonstrated significant alterations in iron metabolism, particularly higher serum iron and transferrin saturation, alongside reduced TIBC and UIBC which suggest dysregulation of Iron homeostasis. Although GATA 1 protein level did not differ significantly, these findings suggest that HIV infection may influence erythropoiesis and iron regulation independent of GATA1 protein.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 February 2026; Reviewed 8 March 2026; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, [email protected]

[email protected]" data-hovercard-owner-id="107">Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected]" data-hovercard-owner-id="107">[email protected]

INNOVATIVE GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COW URINE-DERIVED CUPROUS OXIDE NANOPARTICLES FOR ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY

2026-05-08T16:39:16+00:00

Background: The rise in bacteria resistant to antibiotics is a serious global health problem, pushing the search for new ways to fight them. Using green synthesis to synthesize nanoparticles is a sustainable alternative to traditional, more polluting methods. This research looks at using cow urine, a natural resource with components that can help in the synthesis, to create cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) nanoparticles.

Methods: We synthesized Cu₂O nanoparticles through a simple green process that uses cow urine and ascorbic acid to reduce the starting materials. Then, we used several techniques UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, and Zeta potential/DLS – to check the nanoparticles and find out their properties like size and stability. Finally, we tested how well the nanoparticles could kill/deactivate Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria.

Results: The tests confirmed presence of Cu₂O nanoparticles, with a key absorbance at 419 nm. FTIR showed the presence of Cu-O bonds and other chemical groups. The nanoparticles were moderately stable, with a zeta potential of -4.732 mV, and their size was around 271.3 nm. They were effective against both bacteria, but S. aureus was more sensitive to them.

Conclusion: This study shows that it's possible to produce Cu₂O nanoparticles in a green and easy way using cow urine and ascorbic acid. These nanoparticles can effectively fight bacteria, suggesting they could be a valuable tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance and a more sustainable approach to making nanomaterials.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 February 2026; Reviewed 11 March 2026; Accepted 12 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Eyassu Mathewos, Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wachamo University, Durame Campus, Durame, Ethiopia, [email protected]

Dr. Noha El Baghdady, MTI University, Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]

FULL BLOOD COUNT AND SELECTED TRACE ELEMENTS IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS ATTENDING INFECTIOUS DISEASES HOSPITAL, IKOT EKPENE, AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA

2026-05-08T16:46:09+00:00

Background and Aims: Full blood counts and some trace elements were assessed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected patients attending Infectious Disease Hospital, Ikot Ekpene, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The rationale for the study was to assess and provide information on haematological parameters, zinc, copper and selenium of tuberculosis infected patients.

Materials and methods: Duration and use of drugs Mycobacterium tuberculosis therapy, age and gender were evaluated. Two hundred (200) subjects, aged 18-65 years comprising of 100 Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected patients on anti-tubercular, 50 drugs naive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected subject and 50 apparently healthy non-infected patients who served as control subjects were recruited for this study. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants and questionnaires administered. Blood samples from subjects were assayed using

Results: Demographic characteristics showed more males (71%) being infected than females (29%). Married individual showed more preponderance. Those with secondary education were 42% and business men/women were 36.7%. Results showed significantly lower values (p<0.05) for RBC, haemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, Mean Cell volume, Mean Cell Hemoglobin and Mean Cell Haemoglobin Concentration in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected patients with least values in drug naive Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected patients while total white blood cells and the differential white blood cells were significantly increased (p<0.05) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected patients when compared to the controls.

Conclusion: This study showed that tuberculosis had significant effects on haematological parameters and selected trace elements analyzed hence the need to consider supplementation to ameliorate anemia, zinc and selenium deficiencies.

Peer Review History:

Received 11 February 2026; Reviewed 7 March 2026; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]

Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]

PREVALENCE OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND SALMONELLA PARATYPHI IN STOOL SAMPLES FROM SERO-POSITIVE WIDEL TEST PATIENTS IN DHAMAR CITY, YEMEN

2026-05-08T16:55:15+00:00

Background and Aims: There are various diagnostic tests for typhoid fever. However, because the majority of healthcare facilities solely employ the Widal test without verifying the results with a second test method, misdiagnosis is frequent. In a number of public and private hospitals in Dhamar, Yemen, the study sought to ascertain the incidence of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi as well as related factors among clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients.

Methods: The study included 250 patients with clinical signs of typhoid fever, from whom 250 blood samples were collected. The Widal test was then used to detect typhoid fever. Stool samples were also collected from all patients who tested positive, and these samples were cultured on bismuth sulphite agar to isolate S. typhi and S. paratyphi; then confirmation was done with biochemical reactions. Sociodemographic data were collected from the patients through a structured questionnaire and then analysed using Epi-info 7 software.

Results: Out of 250 blood samples, 194 (77.6%) were positive for seropositivity via the Widal test. Stool samples from these patients were cultured on bismuth sulphide agar, leading to 63 positive cultures (32.5%). Notably, 46 isolates (23%) were from patients recently treated with antibiotics. Among the 63 positives, 9 samples were S. typhi and 54 were S. paratyphi. Affected patients included 45 females (23.2%) and 18 males (9.3%), with the highest prevalence in the 21-30 age group (42.8%); 55 isolates (87.3%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, while 41 (65.1%) were resistant to cefotaxime.

Conclusion: In conclusion, antibiotic treatment for typhoid fever often fails due to high rates of resistance to antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and cefotaxime, which are considered first-line treatments for typhoid. Furthermore, the reliability of the Widal test in diagnosing typhoid fever is questionable due to a high rate of false-positive results.

Peer Review History:

Received 17 February 2026; Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Prof. Syamsudin Abdillah, Pancasila University, Indonesia, [email protected]

Dr. Mohaddese Mahboubi, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]

ELUSINE CORACANA LEAF EXTRACT MITIGATES DYSLIPIDEMIA AND MODULATES INFLAMMATION BIOMARKERS IN TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE - INDUCED BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA IN RATS

2026-05-08T17:46:51+00:00

Background: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) is an age-related condition characterized by prostate enlargement, lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and persistent inflammation. Although conventional treatments such as α1-adrenergic blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride) can relieve symptoms, their use is frequently associated with undesirable side effects. This study evaluated the effect of ethanol extract of Eleusine coracana leaves on serum lipid profile and inflammatory cytokines in a testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rat model.

Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups: normal control, TP-induced BPH control, finasteride-treated group, and three groups treated with E. coracana extract at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Serum lipid parameters (triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL) and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were assessed, together with prostatic levels of IL-6 and TNF-α.

Results: The results revealed that TP-induced BPH caused significant dyslipidemia (increased TG, TC, LDL, and decreased HDL) and elevated systemic and prostatic cytokines compared to controls. Treatment with E. coracana extract significantly improved lipid profiles and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner, with effects comparable to finasteride. Notably, the 400 mg/kg extract normalized HDL and prostatic IL-6 levels, indicating strong anti-inflammatory and lipid-modulating activity.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that E. coracana leaf extract may serve as a promising adjunct or alternative therapy for BPH, particularly in patients with concurrent metabolic risk factors.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 February 2026; Reviewed 12 March 2026; Accepted 15 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, [email protected]

Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, [email protected]

PREVALENCE, CAUSES, AND MANAGEMENT OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT ANKYLOSIS AMONG A SAMPLE OF YEMENI PATIENTS: A RETROSPECTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

2026-05-08T18:01:22+00:00

Background and Objective: Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) represents a severe and debilitating pathological condition characterized by the fusion of the mandibular condyle to the glenoid fossa, leading to profound functional impairment and significant psychological distress in affected individuals. This comprehensive retrospective cohort study aims to meticulously evaluate the contemporary prevalence, diverse etiological factors, nuanced clinical presentations, and evolving therapeutic outcomes of TMJA within a distinct cohort of Yemeni patients, thereby addressing a critical void in the regional epidemiological and clinical literature.
Methods: A rigorous retrospective cross-sectional analysis was systematically conducted across three prominent healthcare facilities in Sana’a, Yemen (Al-Thawra, Al-Gumhouri, and Al-Kuwait hospitals). The study encompassed the period from January 2023 to September 2025. Following an initial screening of 746 patient medical records, a refined cohort of 54 confirmed TMJA cases was meticulously selected for inclusion. Statistical analyses were rigorously performed using SPSS version 25 and Excel 2010.
Results: The empirical data revealed that 50.0% (n=27) of TMJA cases were concentrated within the 10–15 years age bracket, with an overall mean age of 14.85 ± 9.75 years. A pronounced male predominance was consistently observed (70.4%, n=38), yielding a male-to-female ratio of approximately 2.4:1. Traumatic injury emerged as the overwhelmingly dominant etiological factor, accounting for 81.5% (n=44) of the cohort. Bilateral involvement (55.6%, n=30) was marginally more prevalent than unilateral cases (44.4%, n=24).
Conclusion: This seminal investigation establishes a robust epidemiological baseline for TMJA in Yemen, unequivocally identifying it as a formidable clinical challenge predominantly impacting young males, with traumatic injuries serving as the principal etiological determinant. The findings emphatically underscore the imperative for implementing standardized diagnostic frameworks and evidence-based surgical protocols.

Peer Review History:

Received 13 February 2026; Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted 17 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Dr. Tamer Elhabibi, Suez Canal University, Egypt, [email protected]

[email protected]" data-hovercard-owner-id="107">Dr. Vanina Doris Edo’o, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroun, [email protected]" data-hovercard-owner-id="107">[email protected]

SUGAR SYRUP AS A CYTOLOGICAL FIXATIVE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH 95% ETHANOL DURING ROUTINE PAPANICOLAOU STAINING

2026-05-08T18:28:49+00:00

Background and Objective: Fixation is an initial and important step in cytology for microscopic examination in cytopathological techniques, which ensures the preservation of cell morphology and structures. The routine cytological fixative at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH), Central Pathology Laboratory (CPL), is 95% ethanol, which causes shrinkage of the cell which disrupts the physical structure of almost any type of membrane, including the plasma membrane, membrane of cell organelles and liposomes. Objective of present study was to assess the effectiveness of 30% sugar syrup as a cytological fixative as compared to 95% Ethanol in Papanicolaou staining procedures in Cytology unit at MNH.

Methods: The study design was cross-sectional prospective study conducted at MNH in histopathology laboratory from April to August 2023. Whereby Thirty cytological samples were obtained from different bodily fluids, including pleural (n=12), ascetic (n=10), peritoneal (n=5), and pericardial (n=3). Whereby nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining and cell morphology were examined under the light microscope at X40 magnification.

Results: A paired study of thirty specimens revealed that two fixatives created bad quality in two specimens (6.7%), ethanol alone produced good quality in eight specimens (26.7%), sugar syrup alone produced good quality in two specimens (6.7%), and both fixatives produced good overall staining quality in eighteen specimens (60%). While 30% sugar syrup produced acceptable staining quality in 20 of 30 specimens (66.7%), 95% ethanol demonstrated superior staining quality in 26 of 30 specimens (86.7%).

Conclusion: The paired statistical analysis did not reveal a significant disparity between the two fixatives, notwithstanding the greater absolute percentage of satisfactory staining quality observed with 95% ethanol. Consequently, 30% sugar syrup may serve as a viable alternative fixative when 95% ethanol is either unavailable or unsuitable.

Peer Review History:

Received 12 February 2026; Reviewed 9 March 2026; Accepted 11 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]

Dr. Ogbonna B. Onyebuchi, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria, [email protected]

INTEGRATED NETWORK PHARMACOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DOCKING BASED IDENTIFICATION OF ANTI RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS POTENTIAL OF LANTANA CAMARA

2026-05-12T07:40:51+00:00

Aim and Objectives: This study aimed to elucidate the potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis mechanisms of Lantana camara L. using an integrated approach combi-ning LC–HRMS, network pharmacology, and molecular docking.

Methods: From the methanolic extract of L. camara, 83 compounds were identified. Among these, 17 met the drug likeness criteria and were selected for further investigation. Target prediction and disease gene integration revealed 15 overlapping targets associated with RA. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and functional enrichment analysis were performed to identify hub targets and key pathways. Molecular docking was then conducted to evaluate binding affinities of selected compounds.

Results: PPI network analysis identified key hub targets such as IL6, APP, MMP2, ITGB2, PLAU, MMP14, TTR, and MPO. Functional enrichment analysis showed significant involvement in the IL-17 signalling pathway. Molecular docking revealed that Compound 19 had the strongest binding affinity to MMP2 (−9.069 kcal/mol), outperforming aspirin, and exhibited binding energy comparable to prednisolone against IL-6 with a greater number of hydrogen bond interactions. Compound 12 also showed notable interactions, albeit with lower affinity.

Conclusion: Compound 19 emerged as a promising multi-target candidate with potential anti-RA activity through modulation of key inflammatory mediators, including IL-6, MMP2, and MPO. These findings support the traditional use of L. camara in rheumatism and highlight its potential as a source of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Further experimental validation is needed. The docking protocol was validated by redocking the native ligand (RMSD < 2.0 Å). Although these in silico findings are promising, experimental validation using in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and in vivo RA animal models is required to confirm the therapeutic potential of Compound 19.

Peer Review History:

Received 18 February 2026; Reviewed 6 March 2026; Accepted 9 April; Available online 15 May 2026

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, [email protected]

Reviewers:

Prof. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy, Sana'a University, Yemen, [email protected]

Sarfaraz Ahmed, Global Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India, [email protected]