Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Message

Dr. Idoko Alexander — 2025-01-15

Today, the world is seeking for solutions to the various health challenges affecting social and economic status of individual, cooperate organization and the government. No doubt, Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR) continues to make remarkable strides in sciences, allied sciences, and especially pharmaceutical related, exploring marine organisms, bacteria, and plants, for there medicinal potentials in disease and health management.Our appreciation goes to all authors and the editorial team for the achievements UJPR has made in publishing up to volume 9 issue 5. This is a testament of the resilience, cooperation, hard work, and thoroughness in the process of manuscript handling through peer review to publication. At nine, UJPR has formed a solid foundation via visibility to global readership through open access and the current indexing services such as cross ref, American Chemical Society, ROAD, Sherpa Romeo, EZB, ZDB, WIKIDATA, OPENALEX, FATCAT, and other academic and education platforms such Research gate and Google scholar. Concerted efforts are ongoing in making sure UJPR is Scopus indexed. This goal surely will be achieved in no time as more ground-breaking research are published in UJPR host, resulting in greater accessibility, visibility, global readership, and increased citation of our published contents. UJPR has over the years supported the screening and discovery of plant-based chemicals possessing medicinal properties and onward drug design synthesized in the lab by standardized methods and techniques for health management. As a follow up, a promising and impactful area with health driven solution in drug discovery and design in the exploration of plant/natural products-based, using computer aided techniques is emerging. This emerging area is an open area for interdisciplinary collaboration for novel, innovative and ground breaking drug discovery and design, with possible patenting. Such collaboration may include the natural products chemists, biochemists, pharmacists, bioinformatics, pharmacologists, computer scientists, microbiologists, etc. Drug discovery and design to commercially available products involve a complex process of collaborative efforts. In drug design by docking, a hit chemical compoundscreened from a library of other chemical compounds, which has a higher or same binding affinity (kcal/mol) with a standard (synthetic) drug, and fits to a specific pocket(active site) on a protein target, with chemical and geometrical stability is selected.

A quick mention of the immerse contribution of UJPR to knowledge reveals the journal’s focus in publishing quality articles, keeping a track record of the rigorous and seamless manuscript review process. Authors and reviewers are applauded for keeping to the article-making-process, and are encouraged to continue in upholding to the journal’s standard. As authors, a provoking and challenging concern is engaging in research with solution driven, leaving a mark in the sands of time, with real-life applications.

We earnestly aspire to be globally recognizedamong the top-ranking publishing journal, with high impact factor, and continue to encourage authors across the continents of the world to consider sending their manuscript to UJPR for consideration, and possible publication in our subsequent volumes and issues.

EVALUATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT COMBINATION OF GINGER AND LEMONGRASS

Faradiba — 2025-01-15

Aim and objective: This study to determine the antioxidant activity of the combination of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on reducing DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl).

Methods: Quantitative measurement of the antioxidant activity of ginger and lemongrass extracts, as well as a combination of both with a concentration ratio of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 516 nm to determine the IC₅₀ value.

Results: IC₅₀value of ginger extract 10.76 µg/mL, lemongrass extract 26.69 µg/mL, IC₅₀value 6.69 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:1, IC₅₀value 3.32 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 2:1. IC₅₀value 9.34 µg/mL for combination with concentration ratio 1:2

Conclusions: The combination of ginger and lemongrass extracts has synergistic antioxidant activity that can increase the antioxidant effect from the strong category to very strong category.

Peer Review History:

Received 17 October 2024; Reviewed 9 November; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG ONCOLOGY PATIENTS

Gameel Ahmed Mohammed Almohya — 2025-01-15

Background and aims: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) screening for patients with newly diagnosed solid cancer is not standard practice in oncology, and authorities disagree on whether complete screening should be carried out. Additionally, research on the risk factors for HBV infection in this patient population may differ from that in the general population. Therefore, estimating the prevalence of HBV and risk factors for HBV infection in individuals with recently diagnosed solid cancer was the study's goal.

Subjects and methods: Newly diagnosed cancer patients at the oncology center of Al-Jumhori Hospital in Sana'a, are included in this cross-sectional study. A regular questionnaire created specifically for this study was used to gather data, which included demographic information, risk factors, cancer type, and test findings. Using an ELISA assays for HB surface antigen and HB Core IgG anti-antibodies were conducted.

Results: The study analyzed 300 cancer patients with HBV testing, with a mean age of 42.9 years and a sex distribution of 37.6% men and 62.4% women. The crude HBV prevalence was 5%, with females having a higher prevalence. The study found no significant association between age, rural residency, married status, blood transfusion frequency, or blood sources with HBV risk. No association was found between under treatment chemotherapy and HBV infection.

Conclusions: This study examines the frequency of HBV infections in patients with solid tumors for the first time in Yemen. Our study found that the nationwide prevalence of HBV was higher in cancer patients than in the broad population.

Peer Review History:

Received 15 October 2024; Reviewed 7 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

RELIABILITY OF MODERN RADIOGRAPHIC DENTAL AGE ESTIMATION METHODS AMONG YEMENI CHILDREN IN SANA'A CITY, YEMEN

Arij Lutf Abdulrhman Abdul-Majid — 2025-01-15

Background and aim: Without requiring any more radiographic research, dental age assessment using panoramic X-rays is particularly helpful to children dentists and orthodontists when arranging treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precision of three contemporary radiography techniques for estimating Yemeni children's dental ages.

Methods: The methods are Demirjian’s method, Cameriere’s open apex method and Al-Qahtani’s London Atlas, in Sana'a City, Yemeni sample. The 1200 radiographs of Yemeni Children (592 girls and 608 boys) aged under the age 18 years were analyzed by the three methods. The accuracy of each method was assessed using the mean difference and t-tests were used to assess the difference between chronological age and dental age within each age category.

Results: Demirjian's method significantly underestimated age for both sexes (p< 0.001), according to the results, with a mean difference of 0.67 years (a mean difference of 0.69 years for boys and 0.66 years for girls). With a mean difference of 0.93 years (a mean difference of 0.92 years for girls and 0.94 years for boys), the Cameriere's open apex method also significantly underestimated age for both sexes (p<0.001). In contrast, only the 6–6.99 and 7–7.99 age groups showed no significant differences between chronological age and dental age in either method or gender.

Conclusion: When it came to determining dental age, the London Atlas approach was the most accurate, followed by Demirjian's method, and the Cameriere's method was the least accurate. Furthermore, all three techniques were determined to be trustworthy and could be helpful in determining the age of Yemeni children whose chronological ages are unknown. For every age group, more research with a larger sample is needed.

Peer Review History:

Received 21 October 2024; Reviewed 13 November; Accepted 18 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

DETERMINATION OF TANNIN CONTENT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF CHROMOLAENA ODORATA L.

Rahmawati — 2025-01-15

Aims and objectives: To ascertain the antibacterial capability using TLC-bioautography and the tannin content using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method in the ethanol extract of kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves.

Methods: Tannins quantitatively utilizing the UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique using the folin ciocalteu reagent at a wavelength of up to 687 nm. Antibacterial potential against gastrointestinal infection-causing bacteria (Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysentriae) is assessed using TLC-bioautography technique.

Results: The tannin content of the ethanol extract of kopasanda leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) is 41.9064±0.26 mgTAE/g extract. Escherichia coli, Shigella dysentriae, Salmonella typhi, and Vibrio cholerae, respectively, create inhibitory zones in the antibacterial potential test that yields 7, 8, 8, and 7 stains. Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins are believed to be among the chemicals found in the TLC results obtained with stain spraying reagents 1, 3, 5, and 4, respectively.

Conclusions: The average tannin concentration of the ethanol extract of kopasanda leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) is 41.9064±0.26 mgTAE/g extract, and it has antibacterial properties against germs that cause gastrointestinal illnesses.

Peer Review History:

Received 22 September 2024; Reviewed 3 November; Accepted 15 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

EFFECTS OF TOCILIZUMAB AND SYSTEMIC CORTICOSTEROIDS IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN COVID-19

Zudi Osmani — 2025-01-15

Background: COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by a novel coronavirus, with a high mortality, especially in patients with underlying diseases. Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia may express an immune response such as cytokine storm or macrophage activation syndrome, which can lead to organ failure and death.Some studies suggest that corticosteroid and tocilizumab can improve the respiratory status and clinical outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia.

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine the potential effect of the use of tocilizumab and corticosteroids in patients with concomitant cardiovascular diseases on the clinical course and outcome during COVID-19 infection.

Methods: We performed an observational retrospective study of adult patients admitted to “Travnik” and “Jajce” Hospital, Bosnia and Herzegovina, between 01.03.2020 and 01.12.2022 with confirmed COVID-19 and underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Results: The majority of patients (110 or 60.4%) had previously reported cardiomyopathy, and other cardiovascular disease included earlier myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac surgery, compensated cardial disease, and acute myocardial infarction. Total of 159 (87.4%) patients received corticosteroids during treatment. Tocilizumab has been used in 16 patients; nine survived and seven died.

Conclusion: Even some studies proved that it might improve clinical presentation and prevent lethal outcomes; in our study there were no significant results to confirm this thesis.

Peer Review History:

Received 28 September 2024; Reviewed 15 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10

GC-MS ANALYSIS OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTIONS OF QUST AL HINDI (Saussurea lappa) ROOT

Sukmawati — 2025-01-15

Background: Qutsh al Hindi (Saussurea lappa), commonly known as Indian wood, is a traditional medicine that had been used empirically as anti-inflammatory and pneumonia. Its potential as anti-inflammatory activity is proven by many researches in vitro and in vivo.

Aim and objective: This study aims to identifying active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of Qutsh al Hindi (S. lappa) using GC-MS.

Method: The extract was obtained by powder of S. lappa roots using maceration method and evaporated to obtained thick extract. Then, the isolate of extract would be fractionated using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The compounds that carried out by fractionation would be identified using GC-MS.

Result: Based on this research, the analysis of S. lappa ethyl acetate fraction showed 119 compounds using GC-MS. Other supporting factors using Mass Chromatography. The result was one of target compound identified, i.e. β-cyclocostunolide, a derivate compound from costunolide that has an anti-inflammatory activity.

Conclusion: It can be concluded that a fraction of S. lappa roots ethyl acetate contain β-cyclocostunolide as anti-inflammatory compounds.

Peer Review History:

Received 11 September 2024; Reviewed 12 November; Accepted 25 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

THE ROLE OF ALLULOSE AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS IN GUT MICROBIOTA MODULATION AND METABOLIC HEALTH: A REVIEW

Mostafa Essam Eissa — 2025-01-15

Allulose and sugar alcohols, like erythritol and xylitol, are low-calorie sweeteners gaining attention for their potential to positively influence metabolic health. This brief review explores how these sweeteners can shape the gut microbiota. Acting as prebiotics, they can foster the growth of beneficial bacteria and stimulate the production of short-chain fatty acids. These effects may contribute to improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation and a stronger gut barrier. However, excessive sugar alcohol intake can lead to digestive discomfort. Further research is needed to assess the long-term impact of these sweeteners on gut microbiota and metabolic health, as well as their interactions with other dietary factors. By understanding the intricate relationship between these sweeteners, gut microbiota and metabolic health, it will be possible to develop well-informed dietary guidelines to optimize health and well-being.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 October 2024; Reviewed 12 November; Accepted 22 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Prof. Dr. Gorkem Dulger, Duzce University, Turkey, gorkemdulger@yandex.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

DATA-DRIVEN OPTIMIZATION IN PHARMACY OPERATIONS: A PRESCRIPTION FOR ENHANCED PATIENT CARE

Muhammad Shahzad Aslam — 2025-01-15

The convergence of patient care and business efficiency in community pharmacies through a Comprehensive Datafication Approach marks a transformative journey toward enhanced healthcare services and operational effectiveness. The aim of this study was to examine diverse perspectives on datafication, AI, and emerging technologies in healthcare, with a particular focus on optimizing community pharmacy operations. The implementation of a Comprehensive Datafication Approach in community pharmacies significantly impacts overall operational efficiency and patient care outcomes. The strict criterion mandates studies to report outcomes related to patient care, business efficiency, or operational metrics, ensuring selected literature aligns cohesively with research objectives, providing a robust basis for exploring dimensions associated with optimizing community pharmacy operations through datafication. Drawing from multiple studies, our exploration encompasses the challenges and potentials inherent in the integration of digital technologies. As we delve into the optimization of community pharmacy operations through AI, these diverse perspectives contribute to a nuanced understanding of the challenges and opportunities in data-driven healthcare transformation. The integration of AI necessitates ethical considerations, inclusive practices, and a balance between optimization goals and individual rights, ensuring a holistic approach to healthcare datafication.

Peer Review History:

Received 2 October 2024; Reviewed 17 November; Accepted 24 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Emmanuel O. Olorunsola, Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Uyo, Nigeria, olorunsolaeo@yahoo.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

OLFACTORY INTERVENTIONS FOR SLEEP ENHANCEMENT: A REVIEW

Mostafa Essam Eissa — 2025-01-15

Sleep is essential for cognitive function, emotional balance, and overall well-being. Disruptions like insomnia or poor sleep quality can have negative consequences. Various methods, including bedtime perfumes, have been studied to improve sleep. This review examines the scientific basis of scent-based sleep enhancement, focusing on the olfactory system and the effects of specific aromatic compounds on sleep. The olfactory system plays a crucial role in how scents influence sleep. Odor molecules bind to receptors in the nasal cavity, sending signals to the olfactory bulb, which processes these signals and relays them to the limbic system. This connection allows scents to evoke emotional responses and impact sleep. Historically, scent therapy has been used across cultures. The effectiveness of bedtime perfumes depends on their delivery methods. Diffusers, sprays and roll-on oils are common ways to disperse essential oils. Incorporating these perfumes into comprehensive sleep hygiene routine, including a consistent sleep schedule and a calming environment, maximizes their benefits. Future research should identify specific scent compounds that induce sleep, explore the interaction between olfactory stimuli and sleep stages and investigate the long-term safety and efficacy of bedtime perfumes. In conclusion, bedtime perfumes can improve sleep quality through the power of scent. Understanding olfactory pathways, calming scents and the historical context of scent therapy helps individuals make informed choices about using these fragrances.

Peer Review History:

Received 2 October 2024; Reviewed 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Gehan Fawzy Abdel Raoof Kandeel, Pharmacognosy Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Giza, Egypt, gehankandeel9@yahoo.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SYNTHETIC METHODS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF QUINAZOLINONE DERIVATIVES: A REVIEW

Omar N. Meftah — 2025-01-15

This review article offers A brief overview of the most current advancements in synthesis methods and with regard to the pharmacological effects of quinazolinone derivatives. A heterocyclic hybrid quinazolinone having the chemical formula C₈H₆N₂O. It is composed of rings that have been fused together i.e benzene and pyrimidine. The production of quinazolinone derivatives can be accomplished using a variety of methods, such as the Aza-diels-alder reaction, Aza-witting reaction, reaction aided by microwaves, metal-mediated synthesis, palladium-catalyzed reaction, copper-catalyzed reaction, ultrasound-promoted reaction, oxidative cyclization, reagent refluxing, one-pot synthesis, and aqueous media. This review paper included a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including a wide range of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of quinazolinone derivatives as well as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant properties were covered in this study.

Peer Review History:

Received 15 October 2024; Reviewed 7 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, imane.higazy@hotmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

TRANSFORMING PHARMACY EDUCATION IN UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE: A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ANCIENT, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Amreen — 2025-01-15

This review article illuminates; a brief historical outline of the origin, evolution and current scenario of the Unani system of Medicine (USM) and Ilmul Saidla (Pharmacy), major issues in Pharmacy (Unani) education, training, practice, including lacunas in; course, curriculum, research, and innovation. The promising and constructive revolutionary idea of the educational system that should be implemented by the establishment of the Bachelor, Master, Doctor of Pharmacy, and Doctor of Philosophy degrees in Pharmacy (Unani) is also given. The objective of this futuristic vision is to produce skilled pharmaceutical professionals in USM to meet the requirements of Unani pharmaceutical industries, supervision of dispensaries of hospitals, public healthcare services and to upgrade the text and knowledge of Pharmacy (Unani). This paper offers a unique opportunity to spark meaningful discussions, encourage critical reflection, and guide strategic planning, making it an essential resource for the ongoing enhancement of the new Pharmacy education system in USM, to achieve impactful and positive outcomes.

Peer Review History:

Received 10 October 2024; Reviewed 11 November; Accepted 20 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Jennifer Audu-Peter, University of Jos, Nigeria, drambia44@gmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

REVIEW ON CELLULAR SIGNALING, GROWTH FACTORS, AND MECHANICAL STIMULUS IN NERVE REGENERATION

Ezegbe Chekwube Andrew — 2025-01-15

The autonomous and peripheral constitute the entire nervous system. Peripheral nerve injury caused by trauma, accident and other associated factors always results in a huge loss of both the sensory and motor functions. The injured nerves can be successfully restored through the rebuilding of the functional axons. The complete recovery of PNI has not been optimized. Exogenous growth factor (GF) is a new therapeutic strategy that can be used in nerve regeneration. Growth factors mechanism of action is based on the ability to activate the signaling cascades via binding to the individual receptors in order to exert the multiple effects and restore the neuron and tissue regeneration. Although the GFs are limited by their short half-life and rapid deactivation. The use of nerve conduits has been able to reduce these limitations. The nerve conduits have been good biocompatibility and biofunctionality properties.

Peer Review History:

Received 14 September 2024; Reviewed 18 November 2024; Accepted 23 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10

A RETROSPECTIVE INVESTIGATION OF BLOOD COAGULATIVE PARAMETERS PT, KPTT, PROTEIN C, AND ANTITHROMBON III IN 95 PATIENTS WITH LIVER DISEASE

George Zhu — 2025-01-15

Background: The liver is a crucial synthesis of blood coagulation factors and anticoagulative serine proteases such as protein C(PC) and antithrombin III (ATIII), which exerts a key role in the regulation of hemostatic balance. Activated protein C(APC) and protein S complex inactivate the activated factor Va and VIIIa, thus limiting Xa and thrombin formation. The excess protein S can drive cancer cellular proliferation and cell survival through oncogenic receptor Axl. In presence of heparin binding, antithrombin III (ATIII) and thrombin form an inactive complex in a 1:1 molar ratio. ATIII also inactivate factor IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa at slow rate. In the setting of liver diseases, this reduced dysregulation can be attributed to decreased synthesis by the liver and increased consumption of coagulative factors and protein C and ATIII.

Methods: In current study, using routine detection for the blood coagulative parameters in 75 patients with liver diseases.

Results: The results showed that there exist one or three coagulative parameters PT, KPTT, and TT abnormal longer. Moreover, the abnormal intensity of coagulative parameters was associated to the severity of liver diseases. In our detection of 20 liver cirrhosis, the results showed significantly decreased plasma protein C antigen (PC:Ag 0.5501 vs 1.0578 µ/ml) and antithrombin III level (ATIII: Ag 21.8 vs 39.8 mg/dl, ATIII:C 40.25 vs 105.04%), respectively.

Conclusions: The measurement of multidispillary analyses of coagulative and anticoagulative system protein C and ATIII level are helpful to monitoring the liver diseases and might play a predictable marker.

Peer Review History:

Received 13 September 2024; Reviewed 20 November; Accepted 26 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Marwa A. A. Fayed, University of Sadat City, Egypt, maafayed@gmail.com

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10

POSTERIOR SCLERITIS: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND FIRST CASE REPORT FROM YEMEN

Essam Yahiya Al-shamahi — 2025-01-15

A rare inflammatory eye illness that involves the posterior regions of the sclera. Posterior scleritis is very rare in children and more common in women. Ocular pain, headaches, and vision loss are some of its frequently vague clinical manifestations. Rheumatic conditions including systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are frequently linked to the scleritis pathogenesis. A comprehensive clinical eye exam is necessary to diagnose posterior scleritis because it can mimic many other ocular disorders. Laboratory tests may reveal underlying systemic disorders, such as rheumatic disease and inflammatory markers. A precise diagnosis is aided by imaging, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and B-scan ultrasonography. Treatment includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topical corticosteroids for moderate disease, and systemic corticosteroids for severe disease. For refractory instances, biologic therapy has grown in importance. To treat this potentially blinding condition, a multidisciplinary strategy combining rheumatology and ophthalmology is essential. This case report focuses on a 9-year-old boy who has posterior scleritis and no history of rheumatic disorders or other infections or non-infectious diseases.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 September 2024; Reviewed 8 November; Accepted 21 December; Available online 15 January 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Nuray Arı, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr

Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10

Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10