Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

THE DREAMING BRAIN: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY SYNTHESIS OF NEURAL MECHANISMS, COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS AND PATHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Dreaming, a universal phenomenon linked to REM sleep, arises from intricate interactions between limbic regions, cortical networks, and neurotransmitter dynamics. Neuroimaging highlights amygdala and hippocampal hyperactivity alongside prefrontal cortex hypoactivity, elucidating the emotional vividness and cognitive disorganization of dreams. Cholinergic pathways drive REM sleep, while suppressed serotonergic and noradrenergic activity impairs reality monitoring. Emerging evidence suggests multifaceted roles for dreaming: consolidating memories via hippocampal-neocortical dialogue, modulating emotions through fear extinction, and fostering creativity via associative cognition. Pathological dream patterns such as PTSD-related nightmares or reduced recall in depression reflect dysregulated neural circuits. Therapeutic strategies, including SSRIs and cognitive therapies, target these mechanisms. Innovations like fMRI-based dream decoding and cross-cultural studies reveal conserved neurophysiology beneath sociocultural variations. This synthesis positions dreaming as a lens for exploring consciousness, sleep-dependent cognition, and neuropsychiatric interventions. Future research may leverage closed-loop neuromodulation to probe dream content and neuroplasticity.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 February 2025; Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 16 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Andrzej Szymański, Poznan University of Technology, Poland, andrzej.szymanski@put.poznan.pl

Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com

EOSINOPHILS IN SICKLE CELL ANEMIA: EMERGING MOLECULAR MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a genetic hemoglobinopathy characterized by defective hemoglobin S, which results in sickle-shaped red blood cells. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and repeated vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) characterize the condition, all of which contribute considerably to morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate potential molecular pathways and interactions involving eosinophils in the context of SCA severity. A thorough literature analysis was done to collect existing evidence on the molecular interactions of eosinophils in inflammatory disorders, with an emphasis on their probable involvement in SCA. The findings indicate that eosinophils may contribute to SCA severity via several routes. Eosinophil degranulation produces cytotoxic proteins such major basic protein (MBP) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), which can increase oxidative stress and endothelial damage. Furthermore, eosinophils interact with adhesion molecules, causing vascular inflammation and aiding in the attachment of sickled red blood cells to the endothelium. Eosinophils appear to play multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCA, including inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. While direct studies on eosinophils in SCA are sparse, the molecular insights gained from this review indicate their possible role in disease severity.

Peer Review History:

Received 8 February 2025; Reviewed 6 March 2025; Accepted 19 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Areen Alshweiat, University of Szeged, Hungary, areen.alshweiat@hu.edu.jo

Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

ANTIMATTER: THE POTENTIAL IMPACT ON THE FUTURE OF MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Antimatter comprises antiparticles that mirror ordinary matter in mass but exhibit inverted quantum properties, such as charge. Theoretical predictions by Paul Dirac in 1928 laid the groundwork for its discovery, which Carl Anderson achieved experimentally in 1932 through positron detection in cosmic ray studies. Subsequent discoveries of antiprotons and antineutrons further solidified the concept of antimatter. Antimatter is produced in high-energy particle accelerators, cosmic ray interactions with Earth's atmosphere, and certain types of radioactive decay. Particle accelerators, such as linear accelerators, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, betatrons, Cockcroft-Walton generators and Van de Graaff generators, play a crucial role in antimatter production and research. This property makes antimatter both a potential energy source and a subject of safety concerns due to the immense energy release upon annihilation. Storing antimatter safely involves sophisticated techniques like magnetic traps, magnetic bottles and electrostatic traps, which prevent antimatter from coming into contact with matter. The study of antimatter also addresses fundamental questions in physics, such as the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe. Despite the challenges in production, storage, and handling, ongoing research aims to unlock the secrets of antimatter and harness its potential for scientific and practical advancements. This review highlights the history, production methods, potential applications and challenges associated with antimatter, emphasizing its significance in both fundamental research and potential technological innovations.

Peer Review History:

Received 13 February 2025; Reviewed 12 March 2025; Accepted 14 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Awofisayo, O Abosede, University of Uyo, Nigeria, shalomgirl08@yahoo.com

Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

FROM DIAGNOSIS TO ACCEPTANCE: MENTAL HEALTH TRAJECTORIES IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu, Rihab Aref Alsadi — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

HIV infection has long been associated with significant psychological and emotional challenges. From the initial diagnosis to eventual acceptance of living with the virus, individuals often experience a range of mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and stress. These mental health challenges not only affect the quality of life of those living with HIV but also have profound implications on disease progression, treatment adherence, and overall well-being. The psychological journey from diagnosis to acceptance is complex and deeply influenced by factors such as stigma, social support, and personal resilience. This review explores the mental health trajectories of HIV-infected individuals, from the emotional shock of diagnosis to the process of coming to terms with the virus. The initial response to diagnosis often includes a mixture of denial, fear, and grief, which can delay medical engagement and complicate treatment adherence. Over time, many individuals develop psychiatric comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders, which further complicate their mental health journey. Social support systems and coping mechanisms play a significant role in mitigating these mental health challenges, while the process of acceptance fosters a sense of empowerment, improved psychological resilience, and better health outcomes.

Peer Review History:

Received 7 February 2025; Reviewed 10 March 2025; Accepted 21 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Bountain Welcome Tebeda,Chemical Pathology Department, Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Nigeria. bountaintebeda@yahoo.com

Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

BIOBOTS - THE FUTURE OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: A MINI REVIEW

Mostafa Essam Eissa — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Biobots (Biorobots), engineered living systems, are poised to revolutionize the fields of medicine, biotechnology and environmental science. They can be created from either normal living cells and/or post-mortem cells. This short papershades light into the fundamental concepts, design principles and diverse applications of biobots. The state-of-the-art advancements in biomaterials, cell engineering and control systems that underpin the development of these intricate machines will be explored. Furthermore, the ethical implications and regulatory considerations associated with their deployment are discussed. By highlighting current research and future perspectives in this emerging technology, this article aims to explore the potential of biobots to revolutionize healthcare, particularly in the areas of drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 February 2025; Reviewed 10 March 2025; Accepted 13 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Pharmacy institute, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Branislav Ranković, University of Kragujevac, Serbia, rankovic@kg.ac.rs

Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, cnamadi@rocketmail.com

MONOCYTES IN MENSTRUATION: CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTH IMMUNITY AND FERTILITY

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Monocytes, a fundamental component of the innate immune system, play an important role in menstruation by promoting immunity and fertility. These immune cells are aggressively attracted to the endometrium, where they play roles in tissue remodeling, immunological monitoring, and pathogen protection. Their ability to phagocytose apoptotic cells and produce cytokines maintains a balanced inflammatory response, limiting excessive tissue damage and promoting regeneration. Aside from their role in menstrual immunity, monocytes influence fertility by promoting implantation and maintaining immunological tolerance during pregnancy. They promote endometrial angiogenesis by secreting growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which creates an environment conducive to embryo implantation. Furthermore, monocytes help with immune regulation by regulating the maternal response to fetal antigens, preventing immunological rejection, and promoting successful gestation. Monocyte dysregulation has been linked to a variety of reproductive diseases, including endometriosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and implantation failure. Aberrant monocyte recruitment or function can cause chronic inflammation, decreased endometrial receptivity, and disturbed immunological tolerance, all of which have a deleterious influence on fertility.

Peer Review History:

Received 11 February 2025; Reviewed 9 March 2025; Accepted 22 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Dalia Kamal Zaffar Ali, Modern University for technology and information, Egypt, dr.moda88@gmail.com

Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, cnamadi@rocketmail.com

PHOTIC RETINOPATHY CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE USE OF SMARTPHONE: REVIEW AND CASES SERIES REPORT

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Damage to the retina, especially the macula, brought on by extended exposure to sunlight or other strong light sources like lasers or arc welding is known as photo retinopathy. The phrase is interchangeable with retinal phototoxicity and includes solar, laser, and welding retinopathy. Staring at the sun, observing a solar eclipse, or exposing oneself to UV light, Illuminant D65, or other strong light are the usual causes. Overuse of smartphones has recently been linked to incidences of blue light-induced photoretinopathy. Reversible vision loss from photo retinopathy usually lasts anywhere from a month to over a year. Fundus changes, which are variable and often bilateral. Although there is currently no proven treatment for photo retinopathy, it usually resolves on its own over time. A method that is sometimes tried but gives ambiguous results is the use of corticosteroids to treat early macular edema. A study of six patients aged 26-35 years visited the eye consultants Center in Sana’a city, Yemen, including 4 males and 2 females, found that they experienced binocular blurred vision for 5-7 days. All patients underwent corticosteroid treatment and reduced smartphone usage. Five cases achieved reversible recovery within few days to 2 months, while one case persisted over a year. All patients had normal anterior and posterior segments, no altered macular reflex, and no macula capillary network abnormalities with hypopigmentation dot at the centre of fovea. High-definition optical coherence tomography (OCT) discovered foveolar harm, which be similar to some cases of solar photic retinopathy. In conclusion this study suggests that prolonged exposure to phone screen light by excessive use increases the risk of foveal injury.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 February 2025; Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 20 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Reviewers:

Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com

Dr. Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria, cnamadi@rocketmail.com

Message

Dr. Robert Tungadi — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

It is with great enthusiasm that I extend my greetings to the esteemed readers, authors, and reviewers of the Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (UJPR). As a platform dedicated to the global exchange of pharmaceutical knowledge, UJPR continually seeks to empower innovation, scientific rigor, and interdisciplinary collaboration across the pharmaceutical sciences. Our mission is to cultivate a dynamic environment for the publication of high-quality research that addresses contemporary healthcare challenges, advances drug development, and promotes evidence-based clinical practices. By upholding a transparent and thorough peer-review process, we ensure that each published article contributes meaningfully to scientific progress and public health.

We deeply value the trust and dedication of our research community, whose scholarly
contributions and critical insights are vital to the journal’s success. I encourage researchers from all areas of pharmacy and biomedical sciences to share their original findings, reviews, and perspectives, reinforcing our shared goal of scientific excellence.

Thank you for your continued support. We are honored to serve as a beacon for scholarly communication and look forward to further advancing pharmaceutical research together.
Warm regards,

DETERMINATION OF THE PREVALENCE OF CAROTID ARTERY CALCIFICATIONS BY EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS USING PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Panoramic radiographs are routinely performed in dentistry and are a standard component of the initial dental examination. These radiographs often show carotid arteries (CAT) opacities, which are often the result of calcification in the internal carotid artery (ICA) or external carotid artery (ECA). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of carotid artery (CA) calcifications, using panoramic radiographs, and determine factors associated with carotid artery calcifications.

Materials and Methods: The study was based on 1823 digital panoramic radiographs retrieved consecutively from archival records. All radiographs were taken between 2022 and 2024 from our clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Sana'a University, Sana'a City, Yemen and private clinics in Sana’a city. The digital radiographs of 1823 patients with dental problems were originally taken for routine examination and not for investigation of dental diseases. All panoramic radiographs were then interpreted by both observers. Each observer interpreted each panoramic image individually, followed by discussion of each film between the observers. The diagnosis of carotid calcifications was made when the two observers agreed.

Results: There were 639 males and 1184 women in the trial, and all of the patients were older than 34.The prevalence of carotid artery calcification was 6.4% for total in males was 9.2% and 4.8% in females, with a significant association between male sex and the presence of calcification (OR=2.03, p<0.0001). Older age groups <65 years and those 55-64 years had a 3.2 and 2.5 times higher odds ratio of carotid calcification respectively, while younger age groups had no association. The study found that 42.2% of patients had plaque in the ICA bulb, 39.7% in bifurcations, and 18.1% in distal location. Mixed iso and hypodense plaque were prevalent, with low grade stenosis being the most common.

Conclusion: Based on the information provided here, we believe it is critical to look more thoroughly at the calcification in the (CAT) carotid arteries of the many panoramic radiographs that are obtained every day in Yemen before sending any patients who may be impacted to a specialist for additional diagnosis.

Peer Review History:

Received 5 February 2025; Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 26 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

Reviewers:

Antonio José de Jesus Evangelista, Federal University of Ceará, UFC, Brazil, tony_biomed@hotmail.com

Aya Mohammed Mohammed Essawy, MTI University- Mokattam, Egypt, aya.essawy@gmail.com

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF EMULGEL PREPARATION CONTAINING MUNTINGIA CALABURA L. LEAVES EXTRACT

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aims: Acne develops due to the obstruction of pilosebaceous follicles by accumulated sebum, keratinocytes, and microbial colonization Certain secondary metabolites from plants possess anti-acne properties, including karsen (Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to formulate and evaluate the anti-acne activity of an emulgel against Propionibacterium acnes. The ethanolic extract from Muntingia calabura L. leaves was used in the formulation.

Methods: The extraction process was carried out using maceration. The ethanolic extract of karsen was utilized as the active ingredient in the emulgel formulation. The emulgel was evaluated based on its organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, emulsion type, spreadability, and adhesion. The antibacterial activity was assessed through an in vitro antibacterial assay.

Results: The extraction yield was 10.8%. The extract contained flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The formulated emulgel had a semi-solid consistency, a brownish-green color, a distinct odor characteristic of Muntingia calabura L. leaves, and was homogeneous. It had a pH range of 4.87–5.40, an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion type, a spreadability of 5.1–5.8 cm, and an adhesion time of 3.26–4.36 seconds. The formulation exhibited anti-acne activity against Propionibacterium acnes, with the highest inhibitory activity observed at a concentration of 12%.

Conclusions: The ethanolic extract from M. calabura L. leaves can be successfully formulated into a stable emulgel. The formulated emulgel exhibits antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 February 2025; Reviewed 9 March 2025; Accepted 22 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ahmad Najib, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia, ahmad.najib@umi.ac.id

Reviewers:

Dina Abd Elfattah Eldakhs, Pharos university (PUA), Egypt, dina_eldakhs@yahoo.com

Aya Mohammed Mohammed Essawy, MTI University- Mokattam, Egypt, aya.essawy@gmail.com

EFFECTS OF LOW LEVEL LASER IN THE TREATMENT OF MYOFASCIAL PAIN DYSFUNCTION TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT IN SAMPLE OF YEMENI PATIENT

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aims: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a collection of ailments that impact the temporomandibular joints and tissues, especially while chewing. The most prevalent type of TMD that causes discomfort and functional challenges is masticatory myofascial pain (MMP). Treatments for MPDS vary, with conservative and reversible therapies including behaviour adaptation, physical therapy, medicine, oral devices and patient education. The aim of this study is to test low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing pain, increasing function, and improving range of motion and ability to perform daily activities in patients with MPS.

Patients and Methods: This study was a prospective clinical trial designed twenty patients to assess the efficacy of LLLT as a treatment modality for MPS, including the incidence and severity of side effects.

Results: The mean pain severity, measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), significantly decreased from 7.5 (1.3 SD) in first Week and progressively reducing to 3.8 (1.0 SD) in six Week, indicating substantial pain reduction over the treatment period. The majority of patients showed significant improvement, with 95% of participants experiencing a reduction in pain severity (p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study elucidated that LLLT may be regarded as an appropriate and non-invasive therapeutic approach for MPD. It was also effective, had promising outcomes, and can be utilized as a treatment for MP. Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) is regarded as a preferred therapeutic option due to its short-term bio stimulatory, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative benefits. LLLT shown minimal adverse effects and exhibited favorable patient acceptability.

Peer Review History:

Received 8 February 2025; Reviewed 12 March 2025; Accepted 23 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, alhaddadster@gmail.com

Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, ahmedalhaddad@yahoo.com

ANTILEISHMANIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF BLACK CUMIN EXTRACTS AGAINST LEISHMANIA TROPICA

Sevde SAYAR, Husniye Kayalar, İbrahim Cavus, Ahmet Ozbilgin — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Objectives: In addition to the high cost of antileishmanial drugs, the resistance that develops against these drugs and their side effects has led to the investigation of leishmanicidal active ingredients from natural sources that may be cheaper and have no side effects. The purpose of this study is to use in vitro assays to examine the antileishmanial effect of various extracts made from black cumin seeds.

Methods: By using the shaking maceration technique, extracts of black cumin seeds were prepared by water, 60% aqueous ethanol, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The extracts' ability to inhibit Leishmania tropica isolates with the code MHOM/TR 2012/CBCL-LT was examined.

Results: The IC₅₀ values for methanol, n-hexane, chloroform, water, ethanol, and 60% aqueous ethanol extracts were determined as 172.4, 355.5, 400.3, 673.3, 818.4, and 1148 µg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion: The extracts of black cumin seeds have demonstrated antileishmanial activity against Leishmania tropica promastigotes. To verify black cumin seeds' potential as an antileishmanial source, in vivo antileishmanial research is required.

Peer Review History:

Received 8 February 2025; Reviewed 13 March 2025; Accepted 24 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Ahmad Abdelsattar El-Ebiary, Tanta University Hospitals, Tanta, Egypt, a.ebiary@med.tanta.edu.eg

Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, ahmedalhaddad@yahoo.com

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ESSENTIAL OIL OBTAINED FROM LEAVES AND ROOTS OF LAVANDULA PUBESCENS

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Yemen is home to 23 genera and 23 species of the Lamiaceae family. Lamiaceae essential oils have shown the strongest antibacterial activity against a variety of pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Escherichia. These properties may be attributed to the main constituents of Lamiaceae essential oils, such as carvacrol, thymol, p-cymene, 1, 8-cineole, and caryophyllene.

Method: Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus viridans.), Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris), and a series of bacteria available in the institute laboratory's stock culture were used for antibiotic sensitivity testing. The dried leaves and roots of the plant were chopped into small pieces, and the essential oil was extracted from each part by hydro distillation for 12 hours using a Clevenger-type all-glass apparatus. The oil was then transferred to a screw-capped glass vial, dried (Na₂SO₄), and kept at 4°C in the dark until analysis.

Results: Higher concentrations of the extract result in stronger inhibition. Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the extract than Gram-negative bacteria, possibly because of differences in their cell wall structure. Lavandula pubescens essential oil has strong antimicrobial properties, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus viridans.

Conclusions: Gram-positive bacteria were more susceptible to the extract than Gram-negative bacteria, possibly because of differences in their cell wall structure. This study supports the potential use of Lavandula pubescens as a natural antimicrobial agent, which could be further investigated for pharmaceutical applications. The essential oil of the plant has significant antimicrobial properties, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus viridans. The antimicrobial effect is concentration dependent, with higher concentrations of the extract leading to stronger inhibition.

Peer Review History:

Received 1 February 2025; Reviewed 6 March 2025; Accepted 17 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. A.A. Mgbahurike, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria, amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, aalexander_2000@yahoo.com

Dr. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Haddad, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla, Yemen, ahmedalhaddad@yahoo.com

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING, ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, AND ANTIPLASMODIAL ACTIVITIES OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF GREWIA BICOLOR

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and aim: Grewia bicolor, Malvaceae family, widespread in tropical Africa, is traditionally used in the treatment of various infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiplasmodial activities of Grewia bicolor leaf extracts, and to isolate and characterise some bioactive molecules.

Methods: The extraction was carried out by maceration of G. bicolor leaves successively in acetone and methanol. The methanol extract separated by repeated chromatographic columns on silica gel provided three flavonoids, which were characterized by spectroscopic techniques. Spectrophotometric methods determined total phenolic and flavonoid contents. The DPPH free radical scavenging assay allowed the evaluation of antioxidant activity. Abovine serum albumin denaturation inhibition study evaluated anti-inflammatory activity. The SYBR Green method was used for antiplasmodial activity on chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine resistant (Dd2) Plasmodium falciparum strains.

Results: The methanol extract with the highest values for antioxidant activity (IC₅₀=21.80±0.23 μg/mL) and inhibition of bovine serum albumin denaturation (IC₅₀=20.95±0.56 μg/mL), exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents. This extract also showed the highest antiplasmodial activity, with IC₅₀=49.07±0.10 and 43.61±0.08 μg/mL for chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains respectively. The three isolated flavonoids were identified as catechin (1), leucocianidol (2) and isoquercitrin (3) using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Compound (2) showed the most promising anti-inflammatory activity compared to other compounds.

Conclusion: The results of this study support the use of G. bicolor in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory disorders and malaria. Furthermore, this plant could be a promising source of natural antioxidants. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of G. bicolor can be correlated to the presence of flavonoids.

Peer Review History:

Received 3 February 2025; Reviewed 8 March 2025; Accepted 22 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Alfonso Alexander Aguileral, University of Veracruz, Mexico, aalexander_2000@yahoo.com

Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

DESIGN, FORMULATION, AND IN-VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF LIPID-BASED NANO-BILOSOMAL VESICLES OF LOVASTATIN

Abdelatif H. Abdelatif, Ahmed H. Ibrahim, Sherif Kh. Abu-El Yazid, Ahmed M. Samy — Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Objective: This research work aims to develop the bilosomal vesicles for the delivery of lovastatin (LVS), a lipid-lowering agent known for its poor aqueous solubility and low absorption, which presents a major challenge in drug delivery and development. This study examinesthe potential of Bilosomes as an innovative vesicular drug delivery system to overcome these issues and limitations with LVS and enhance its therapeutic effectiveness.

Methods: Preliminary studies were conducted to determine the suitable lipid, non-ionic surfactant, and bile salt components and their levels for bilosomal system development. Fifteen formulae were obtained by adopting a Box-Behnken surface design using Design Expert software, prepared using the thin film hydration technique, and characterized in terms of entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (Zp), and cumulative in-vitro release % after 72 hours. The developed LVS-loaded bilosomal formulations were then optimized through the analysis of the characterization results to predict the optimized formula.

Results: The maximum wavelength of LVS was determined at 238 nm after UV scanning, and the calibration curve constructed for LVS in dissolution medium showed a strong linear relationship between absorbance and concentration over the range of 2.5 to 20 µg/ml. The saturation solubility of LVS in Sorenson’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1% Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) was significantly enhanced (2.3 mg/ml) compared to its intrinsic solubility in pure water (0.0013 mg/ml), confirming that it was the best dissolution medium for the study. All Box-Behnken developed LVS-loaded bilosomal formulae exhibited high entrapment efficiencies (EE%), nano-size vesicles with polydispersity index (PDI) values, ranging from 0.218±0.006 to 0.495±0.028 indicating uniform size distribution, negative zeta potential (ZP) values ranging mV suggesting good stability, and cumulative release profile ranging from 19.89±0.049% to 43.27±0.024 % revealing sustained release patterns.

Conclusions: This research paper employed Sorenson’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1% SLS as a good dissolution medium for LVS in which it showed greater solubility, and highlights the potentials of LVS-loaded Bilosomes with high EE%, vesicular nano-size, negative zeta potential values, and sustained release patterns as efficient drug delivery system for enhancing the solubility and stability of poorly water-soluble drugs such as LVS.

Peer Review History:

Received 6 February 2025; Reviewed 11 March 2025; Accepted 21 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Dr. Ali Awad Allah Ali Moh. Saeed, National University, Sudan, alimhsd@gmail.com

Dr. Ali Abdullah A. Al-Mehdar, University of Basrah, Iraq, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com

CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION AMONG LEUKEMIC CHILDREN IN SANA’A CITY, YEMEN

Thu, 15 May 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Aims: An investigation into the prevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in children with leukemia at an oncology center in Sana’a city, Yemen, was carried out. CMV is a member of the herpesvirus family and is highly prevalent in the general population. It can cause a potentially fatal latent infection and can reactivate in terms of immune suppression as leukemia.

Materials & Methods: To determine the prevalence of CMV, serum samples were collected from pediatric leukemia patients after diagnosis was confirmed by an oncologist at the Leukemia Center of Kuwait University Hospital, Sana'a, Yemen. A total of 253 pediatric leukemia patients were included in the study, 52.2% were males and 47.8% were females, the mean age of the group was 7.8 ± 3.9 years and the age of the patients ranged from 1 to 16 years. All serum samples were tested for CMV-specific IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Data were analyzed by Epi-Info version 6. Odds ratio and chi-square test were used to compare between categorical variables. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05.

Results: The prevalence of CMV infection in all participants was 79.1%, with females having a higher prevalence (81.8%) than males (76.5%). The prevalence of CMV current infection (IgM positive) was 6.3%, with females having a 7.4% higher prevalence than males; and age groups 10-14 years had the highest prevalence (9.4%). The study analyzed factors associated with CMV transmission and risk factors for leukemia in pediatric leukemia patients, revealing that 2.8% had other leukemia family members, 91.7% were undergoing chemotherapy, and 2.8% had other diseases.

Conclusion: According to our findings, children with leukemia had a significantly higher prior exposure to CMV. Effective treatment and care practices can help prevent the reactivation of latent viral infections in children with leukemia. Long-term monitoring and additional research are needed to determine the factors that influence the reactivation of latent CMV infection and other latent viral infections in children with leukemia.

Peer Review History:

Received 2 February 2025; Reviewed 9 March 2025; Accepted 23 April; Available online 15 May 2025

Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com

Reviewers:

Ali Jaber, Laboratory for Research and Development of Medicines and Natural Products, RDMPN, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon, ali.jaber.2@ul.edu.lb

Dr. Amany Mohamed Alboghdadly, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, amanyalboghdadly@gmail.com