REPROGRAMMING IRON METABOLISM IN HIV: MOLECULAR MECHANISMS DRIVING VIRAL PERSISTENCE AND DISEASE PROGRESSION

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu

doi:10.22270/ujpr.v10i5.1431

Emmanuel Ifeanyi Obeagu Department of Biomedical and Laboratory Science, Africa University, Zimbabwe.

10.22270/ujpr.v10i5.1431

Keywords:

molecular dynamics, iron, HIV, disease progression

Abstract

Iron, an essential micronutrient, serves multiple functions in the development of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, affecting viral replication, immune responses, and the advancement of the disease. This analysis explores the detailed molecular dynamics of iron management in HIV infection, illuminating the intricate relationship between iron metabolism and viral development. This review investigates the molecular mechanisms related to iron dysregulation in individuals with HIV, clarifying the effects of disrupted iron homeostasis on disease advancement and pinpointing possible therapeutic targets. Iron balance is closely controlled in the body, with disturbances linked to the development of several diseases, such as HIV infection. HIV affects iron metabolism in various ways, impacting both host and viral functions. Iron accumulation, frequently seen in individuals infected with HIV, has been linked to faster disease progression, immune impairment, and higher mortality rates. On the other hand, a lack of iron can weaken immune response and worsen complications related to HIV. Changes in iron balance significantly impact the progression of HIV and its clinical results. Iron imbalance can promote viral reproduction, worsen immune dysfunction, and intensify HIV-related comorbidities such as heart disease, cognitive decline, and anemia. Moreover, oxidative stress and inflammation triggered by iron lead to tissue harm and systemic issues, which further worsen HIV pathogenesis. Clarifying the molecular dynamics of iron orchestration in HIV infection offers important insights into disease mechanisms and reveals possible targets for therapeutic intervention.